Alchemy is a cultural phenomenon that was especially widespread during the Middle Ages. The main goal of alchemy was to transform various base metals into noble ones through the use of the "Philosopher's Stone".
Instructions
Step 1
The etymology of the word "alchemy" goes back to the Arabic language, namely to the word "al-qimiya", which came from the Greek word meaning "pour", "pour", which directly indicates the essence of alchemy - working with metals. According to another version, the Arabic word comes from Chemia, which means Egypt, linking alchemy with the place of its origin.
Step 2
Alchemy has its roots in antiquity. Its period, which lasted from the 4th to the 16th centuries, is characterized as a time when not only speculative and experimental alchemy spread, but also practical chemistry developed. Many of the chemical knowledge was obtained by alchemists. For example, they were able to improve old and discover new ways to obtain various useful compounds, as well as mixtures: paints, alloys, drugs, salts, etc. In addition, they improved the methods used in laboratory work, invented new devices.
Step 3
By territorial distribution, alchemy can be divided into the following types:
- Greek-Egyptian;
- Arabic;
- Western European.
At the same time, the achievements that were achieved by the alchemists of India and China did not have a significant impact on the West, and in Russia alchemy was practically not widespread.
Step 4
The success of the Greek-Egyptian alchemy can be attributed to the deepening of knowledge about chemical processes, obtaining metals from ores, making alloys from metals. Also, the Egyptians discovered ammonia.
Step 5
The Arab contribution to alchemy is small, but it was they who were able to create the first rational pharmacy. Such personalities as Avicenna, Weber, Abu ar-Razi stand out. The Arabs used organic substances for their medicines.
Step 6
In the West, alchemy has spread through various ties with the East. From IX to XV, many prominent Western figures appeared who left their contribution to history. Among them are Arnaldo de Vilanova, Albert the Great, Roger Bacon and others.