People are not always able to predict the misfortunes that may happen. War or emergencies are considered one of these. Special structures, such as the army or the Ministry of Emergency Situations, try to do everything possible to protect the civilian population. Protective structures can help them in this.
Protective structures of civil defense are shelters or shelters to protect the civilian population from chemical and radioactive substances, natural disasters such as storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, etc., as well as modern means of mass or local destruction.
These structures are built into houses in the form of basements or basements, and can also be separate buildings. They are usually located near places of large gathering of people or work and the place of residence of employees.
Refuge
Vaults are shelters with solid walls, partitions, and doors. They are built in advance and are intended to shelter the population from debris from buildings, radiation, fire, carbon monoxide, chemical and toxic substances, etc. This is ensured by the complete tightness of this type of structure and the presence of filtering and ventilation equipment. The latter creates an optimal indoor climate, as well as pressure, which does not allow hazardous substances to pass through cracks.
The number of people that the shelter can accommodate can be 600, 2000 and over 2000 places. The time of stay depends on the degree of emergency and is both several days and a longer period. Comfortable and safe living is ensured by electricity supply, sanitary and technical conditions, water supplies, food and medicine, radio and telephone communications.
An important role here is played by an emergency exit, which is necessary if the main entrance is damaged or blocked. In the case of built-in shelters, this is a tunnel leading to a safe area. It ends with a vertical shaft with a sealed hatch at the top.
There are also pre-fabricated shelters. They are built when there is no required number of permanent shelters in the settlement. They are built in a few days and can accommodate from 30 to 200 people.
Also, anti-radiation shelters are considered a special structure for the protection of civilians. These premises are necessary in the event of a man-made disaster, which will entail the release of a huge amount of radiation. For example, nuclear power plant accidents or atomic bomb threats. You can hide in them during natural disasters.
The simplest shelters
Any ravines, trenches, trenches, dugouts, etc. are suitable as ordinary shelters. They are built quickly and are designed mainly to protect against immediate dangers. If there is no shelter nearby, you can hide in them and wait out.
Any of the simplest shelters can be made in your yard or garden. It is necessary to dig a ditch 2–2.5 m deep and make a floor of logs or beams. Cover the top with clay or lay roofing material. The entrance should be vertical and adjacent to the site.
